Biodiversity faces critical challenges including habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and loss of genetic diversity. Deforestation, marine life depletion, urbanization, and infrastructure development fragment and destroy habitats, while climate change alters ecosystems and increases extreme weather events. Pollution from chemicals, plastics, and nutrients disrupts ecosystems, and overfishing, hunting, and illegal wildlife trade threaten species. Invasive species outcompete natives, and genetic diversity diminishes through inbreeding and extinction.

Animal welfare issues are pervasive in factory farming, where animals endure confinement, cruel practices, and health problems from overbreeding. Animal testing raises ethical concerns, and alternatives are underutilized. Wildlife trafficking inflicts cruelty and endangered species. In entertainment, animals in circuses, zoos, and marine parks suffer from inadequate conditions and stress. Companion animals face abandonment, neglect, and issues from over breeding in puppy mills.

Weak legislation and enforcement exacerbate these problems, with cultural differences affecting attitudes towards animal rights. Addressing these challenges requires strengthened laws, sustainable practices, public awareness, and dedicated conservation efforts from various stakeholders.